Genders 101: How Men & Women function.

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Brovo

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I am not going to feign qualifications that I don't have. I don't hold any sort of degree that would make my word ironclad on a topic like this, and I would encourage you to do your own research, when you have the time, if you should feel especially curious on this topic. As well, I'm going to focus more on what is, rather than what should be--I am not going to argue moral stances and tell you what is right or wrong about the perception of gender. I will be focusing primarily first on the biological aspects of gender, and then from there, drawing conclusions and examples of how to incorporate it into your works.

Again, just to make it clear: I will not tell you that your perception of self, or anyone else's perception of self concerning their sex, is in any way, shape, or form, anymore valid than my own. This is purely to explore the differences between the two sexes, and illustrate how this can manifest itself in a character. If you're new to writing and are trying to grasp more basic aspects of a character, let me leave you with this parting piece of wisdom: "Fantasy is an escape from reality, it does not have to conform to what we know to be true." Write what makes you the most interested, what is most exciting to you, even if it defies conventional wisdom.

It should also be noted that this is a fairly advanced level guide. The information presented is not in any way required knowledge, but will equip you with more tools above and beyond the basics to create more detailed, intricate, and complex characters.
This guide contains references to male and female sexual organs and the reproductive cycle in women. It does not, however, contain any sort of content that could be considered pornographic. I just figured I'd warn you that I won't shy away from body parts everybody should know about by now. :ferret:


Parts 1 & 2 explain useful information to understanding the biological differences between the genders. Part 3 demonstrates examples of where this can be practically applied in simple but interesting ways. Part 4 wraps everything up with a nice, bright red ribbon. :ferret:

Part 1: Terminology.

Before we continue, there is a few things we should define first to avoid confusion, as this topic is rife with people's personal interpretations.
  • Sex is the purely biological representation of the physical parts which one possesses. Sperm-producers are considered Male, and egg-producers are considered Female. With a select few exceptions, this is typical of the animal world.
  • Sexual Dimorphism is the biological differences between each gender of a species. Homo Sapiens (humans) are sexually dimorphic.
  • Gender is the set of characteristics which pertain to, and differ between, femininity and masculinity. This both addresses physical and sociological characteristics, and as a word, has additional potential connotations about the subject dependent on the context in which it is used.
  • Sexuality is merely how one expresses themselves sexually. While this does include the more obvious sexual attraction (heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, asexuality, et cetera) it also includes how one expresses sexual attraction. (Ex: What kinds of flirtations you use, and how you interpret your own sexual identity.)
There is more than this to the wonderfully complex world of gender, but this should be all we need to define for the purposes of this guide.

Part 2: Humanity is a Sexually Dimorphic Species.

Exactly as it says in the title. Males and Females have biological differences that preclude them towards certain behaviours, and in some cases convey more advantageous characteristics towards certain activities. Women are from Venus, Men are from Mars.

Note: These are about the differences in homo sapiens who are undergoing--or who have completed--puberty. Prepubescents have smaller differences between the sexes as the biological need for them to become more specialized entities has not yet triggered!

Firstly, the two major chemical differences in men and women: Testosterone, and Estrogen.

Males have significantly greater levels of testosterone than females, though females do possess small quantities of testosterone. Testosterone is a naturally produced growth steroid that services in human males to increase muscle growth. Its side effects include increased competitiveness and aggressiveness. They are the primary male sex hormones--in other words, when a male encounters someone or something of a sexually attractive nature, these hormones will flood their system. When women take testosterone or have an unusually high natural level of testosterone in their system, their voice deepens, their clitoris enlarges, their muscle mass increases, and they gain acne. This can also lead to infertility and other health issues, such as obesity.

Females have a significantly greater level of estrogen than males. Estrogen is also a growth steroid, but promotes feminine characteristics and is required for a healthy sexual reproduction system in women. Part of why menopause does render women infertile is dropping levels of estrogen in the blood stream. Estrogen has also been linked to women's emotional states, and causes increased levels of depression. It's also responsible for producing additional serotonin receptors and the overall level of serotonin--the "feel good" chemical. When men take estrogen or have an unusually high natural level of estrogen in their system, it results in a decreased size of the testicles, the loss of muscle mass in their limbs, and more brittle bones. There are other side effects as well, such as the development of breast tissue and the tits growing darker in colouration.

For some rapid fire tips and differences...
  • Males have upwards of 30% greater lung capacity than Females, meaning that Males can take less breaths to receive greater levels of oxygen to feed their muscles and tissues during extreme physical acts.
  • Males have overall greater mass in general, typically weighing between 20-60 pounds more than their Female counterparts.
  • Males are typically shorter than their Female counterparts as prepubescents, but during puberty ordinarily grow to be taller than their Female counterparts.
  • Females have slightly greater levels of average fat than Males, as Females require more fat to survive. It is both for their reproductive organs/cycle, and as part of their estrogen-producing cycle, which is why athletic women typically have lower levels of estrogen.
  • While data is presently inconclusive, the myth that Females can tolerate more pain than Males is patently false in almost every regard.
There are many, many more subtle and small differences you can start reading about here, should you be interested.

As a final note: While it does seem stacked in the nature of Males where it concerns physical feats, it should be noted that Females have the capacity to gestate and maintain the appropriate internal environment necessary to produce offspring for months! Essentially, Males are stronger overall because Males don't have to give birth to children, which is absolutely necessary for the continuation of the species. Ergo, biologically speaking, Males are actually disposable: Females are not.

So in that respect, be glad we don't live in the medieval era anymore.

Part 3: Applying Knowledge to Characters.

Here are a few examples of where differences in the sexes can matter, if you should so choose to apply it.

Combat
It can be stated as fact that, in medieval combat, Males have a biological advantage against Females. Take for instance, shield-wall combat like in the era of the Romans or Vikings. A person who has a 60 pound advantage on their adversary, will easily shield-charge an opponent, knock them down with ease, and then beat their skull in with the safety of armour protecting their vulnerable innards from any blade the opponent may be wielding. When stopping a charge of horses, you want someone big and strong holding the spear that is attempting to stop the 1,000+ Pounds of flesh bearing down on you, lance and all. When wielding a bow that has a 100 pound draw strength requirement, you can bet that Males--who have 40-60% greater upper body strength than Females--will find it much easier to wield the war bows of old.

That being said, on a modern battlefield, guns render the strength question irrelevant. The only strength you need is the kind to pull the trigger, and where it concerns reaction times--that is, how soon a person can spot incoming trouble and physically respond to it--Males and Females are relatively on par with each other. The further technology progresses, the less the biological differences between Males and Females matter in combat, especially when related to mechanical adaptions--vehicles and cybernetics.

To get around these kinds of issues in a fantasy setting, try wielding magic to your advantage--such as magical gauntlets that increase the strength of Female users. Magic also tends to be universally gender neutral, as it's a mind-based activity and human brains are almost identical in capacity and ability between the sexes. There is also technology such as Steampunk that, while it doesn't exist in the real world, can balance the playing field between the sexes. (Ex: Perhaps the aforementioned magic gauntlets could be steam powered instead.) Physical fighting prowess, IE martial arts and other such mental skills, can also aid (though not entirely equalize) the playing field between the sexes. Females are almost on par to Males where it concerns agility and dexterity, so tasks with these feats in mind are something women can still excel at in combat.

Psychology
As testosterone increases the natural competitive and aggressive drives, Males will be more likely to...
  • Have a strong natural desire to protect those they consider sexually attractive, as well as pursue carnal relationships with them.
  • Engage in friendly or even deadly competitions. (Ex: High speed racing.)
  • Seek out professions and tasks which either have an extremely difficult competitive edge (ex: Politics) or professions which require great physical excretions. (Ex: Construction/soldiery.)
  • Have physical fantasies and desires: Such as owning a supremely fast motor vehicle, owning an extremely powerful weapon, or otherwise manifesting their physical achievements.
As estrogen increases the severity of depression and serotonin, Females will be more likely to...
  • Exert greater control over emotional situations, and be better able to detect and manipulate the emotional states of others.
  • Put greater emphasis on family values and protectionism over the young, as well as promoting child-rearing values as a primary value to search for in Male (or Female, if you swing that way) counterparts.
  • Seek out professions or tasks which require great attention to detail or people skills, especially where it concerns the young. (Ex: Therapy, nurses, educators, librarians, et cetera.)
  • Have emotional fantasies and desires: Such as obtaining a romantically fulfilling relationship, being considered valuable by others, et cetera.
Note: This is a rule of averages, ergo it's a soft rule--exceptions can and do exist in sufficient numbers to prevent these from being absolute standards to adhere towards. As well, these only affect behaviours--anyone can learn how to overcome these natural urges and wield control over them to be whoever it is they wish to be. That being said, it makes for a more interesting character to have a person overcome what feels natural, as opposed to being a static brick: Like a woman who wields incredible emotional control, but still feels the more intense emotions underneath. How about a man who, fighting against his competitive instincts, does everything in his power to be cooperative and charitable? Perhaps even merging such concepts: Like a man who loves to enter competitions to donate his winnings to the poor.

It should also be noted that in a historical context, Masculinity and Femininity were likely created as a result of the interpretations of these differences in older societies and cultures on a societal level. Such concepts evolved over time to what we have today, and whether they are entirely relevant to modern day society or not is up for heated debate: Come to your own conclusion.

Other Races
While homo sapiens are a well understood, done deal where it concerns biology, what of other races? Are Dwarves sexually dimorphic, or are they nearly identical in construction? Are Female elves more agile than their Male counterparts? Are there different sub-species of Homo Sapiens in the world, such as "Mountain Men" or "Lowland Peoples" that might have differing genetic variables that change how the sexes work? Sexual dimorphism doesn't have to be limited to Homo Sapiens, and in real life, there are hundreds of other animals that are sexually dimorphic in nature--some in which the Female is stronger and more powerful than their Male counterparts! So why limit fantasy races at all? Incorporating it can add another, easy level of depth to the race your character comes from!

Part 4: Conclusion.

This was a lot of heavy information and I recommend that you bookmark this guide for later in case you need to refer to it. In general, remember the following as summarized tips about the sexes.
  • Males are stronger and heavier, Females are equipped to give birth--something Males obviously can't do.
  • Females are more emotionally acute than their Male counterparts--sometimes for the better, sometimes for the worse.
  • Psychologically, Testosterone and Estrogen affects the behaviours of Males and Females, though humans are intelligent enough to be able to understand, manipulate, embrace, and counteract such impulses.
  • Males are more prone to competitive and aggressive behaviours, Females are more prone to empathetic and familial behaviours. (Though neither is mutually exclusive--Females can be competitive, Males can be empathetic.)
  • Consider the level at which you want to address and incorporate differences in the sexes in your characters, and remember that in fantasy, you can escape from reality in any way you so desire--including biology.
Feel free to leave questions or comments--I like seeing others give their opinions, so long as it's constructive or inquisitive. :ferret:

Now, after getting through all that heavy information, here's a happy ferret to relax. Thanks for reading and have a lovely day!
 
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Exellent work.

Also, Funny thing that lends itself to your question; "Are there different sub-species of Homo Sapiens in the world, such as "Mountain Men" or "Lowland Peoples" that might have differing genetic variables that change how the sexes work?"
The nordic gene pool of Vikings are a prime real life example of this in real life. The sexual dimorphism was likely lesser then within Viking society then it was in say, southern italy at the time. This based of the bone structure of what they've found.
 
Which of them can tolerate alcohol more though?
 
That being said, on a modern battlefield, guns render the strength question irrelevant. The only strength you need is the kind to pull the trigger
This is not entirely true. The power of a bullet isn't proportional to that of your abs, but in modern warfare soldiers are still required to heave-ho quite some weight around. Combat is not detached of context and greater upper body strength and bigger lung capacity gives you an advantage in anything more beyond a traditional western shoot-out. Stamina is still a pretty big thing after all.

Overall though, pretty good guide.
 
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This is not entirely true. The power of a bullet isn't proportional to that of your abs, but in modern warfare soldiers are still required to heave-ho quite some weight around. Combat is not detached of context and greater upper body strength and bigger lung capacity gives you an advantage in anything more beyond a traditional western shoot-out. Stamina is still a pretty big thing after all.

Overall though, pretty good guide.
True, but women can achieve the physical feats required to be modern soldiers in terms of carrying capacity and speed. There are several modern militaries that use women on the front line, so it's not like medieval warfare where weight was half the battle... :ferret:
 
True, but women can achieve the physical feats required to be modern soldiers in terms of carrying capacity and speed. There are several modern militaries that use women on the front line, so it's not like medieval warfare where weight was half the battle... :ferret:
Oh yeah, it's far from impossible, just still a factor to weigh in.

Yeah. That had to be done.
 
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You need some citations with males being physically stronger than females. Although I already know it's true.
 
You need some citations with males being physically stronger than females. Although I already know it's true.
There are many, many more subtle and small differences you can start reading about here, should you be interested.
Wikipedia said:
The average basal metabolic rate is about 6 percent higher in adolescent males than females and increases to about 10 percent higher after puberty. Females tend to convert more food into fat, while males convert more into muscle and expendable circulating energy reserves. Aggregated data of absolute strength indicates that females have, on average, 40-60% the upper body strength of males, and 70-75% the lower body strength.[66] The difference in strength relative to body mass is less pronounced in trained individuals. In Olympic weightlifting, male records vary from 5.5× body mass in the lowest weight category to 4.2× in the highest weight category, while female records vary from 4.4× to 3.8×, a weight adjusted difference of only 10-20%, and an absolute difference of about 30% (i.e. 472 kg vs 333 kg for unlimited weight classes)(see Olympic weightlifting records). A study, carried about by analyzing annual world rankings from 1980–1996, found that males' running times were, on average, 11% faster than females'.[67]

Females are taller, on average, than males in early adolescence, but males, on average, surpass them in height in later adolescence and adulthood. In the United States, adult males are, on average, 4% taller[68] and 8% heavier[69] than adult females.

Males typically have larger tracheae and branching bronchi, with about 30 percent greater lung volume per body mass. On average, males have larger hearts, 10 percent higher red blood cell count, higher hemoglobin, hence greater oxygen-carrying capacity. They also have higher circulating clotting factors (vitamin K, prothrombin and platelets). These differences lead to faster healing of wounds and higher peripheral pain tolerance.[70]

Females typically have more white blood cells (stored and circulating), more granulocytes and B and T lymphocytes. Additionally, they produce more antibodies at a faster rate than males. Hence they develop fewer infectious diseases and succumb for shorter periods.[70] Ethologists argue that females, interacting with other females and multiple offspring in social groups, have experienced such traits as a selective advantage.[71][72][73][74][75]
While data is presently inconclusive, the myth that Females can tolerate more pain than Males is patently false in almost every regard.
MedicineNet said:
"The laboratory research seems to indicate that for many kinds -- but not all kinds -- of stimuli, women have a lower tolerance for pain," says Linda LeResche, ScD, a professor of oral medicine at the University of Washington, in Seattle.
Males have significantly greater levels of testosterone than females, though females do possess small quantities of testosterone. Testosterone is a naturally produced growth steroid that services in human males to increase muscle growth.
PubChem said:
Male hypogonadism is a clinical situation characterised by a low serum testosterone level in combination with a diversity of symptoms and signs such as reduced libido and vitality, decreased muscle mass, increased fat mass and depression. Similar symptoms in combination with subnormal testosterone levels are seen in some elderly men. Several publications have suggested that testosterone treatment in hypogonadal men may have beneficial effects, but it is still uncertain whether testosterone substitution in the aging man is indicated. Despite this uncertainty the sale of testosterone have increased enormously over the last few years, hence it seems important to discuss what we now know about such treatment. The result from placebo-controlled studies of testosterone substitution in elderly men differ substantially, but it seems to improve, among other things, bone mineral density, body composition, perception of physical strength, and maybe libido. In the short term there have been few problems or complications with testosterone treatment, but effects on the cardiovascular system and the prostate over the long term remain uncertain. Before any general recommendation could be given, big prospective studies have to be performed. Treatment should, however, be considered in men with testosterone in the hypogonadal range accompanied by clinical symptoms. Treatment needs to be individualized and should preferably be initiated by specialists in andrology, endocrinology or urology.

:ferret: It's well known, scientific fact. Just in case others felt there wasn't enough information however, I also stated...
and I would encourage you to do your own research, when you have the time, if you should feel especially curious on this topic.
All I was doing was simplifying it to the best of my ability--without treating the reader like a child, mind you--and then explaining ways you could incorporate such things into a character.

Is this satisfactory?
 
:ferret: It's well known, scientific fact. Just in case others felt there wasn't enough information however, I also stated...

All I was doing was simplifying it to the best of my ability--without treating the reader like a child, mind you--and then explaining ways you could incorporate such things into a character.

Is this satisfactory?
Um alright? I wasn't critizing your page.

I think it's very helpful for a resource on male and female characters. You don't need to get defensive.
 
I applause you sir/mis.
 
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Woah this was something worth reading! There were tiny factors I didn´t put into consideration before regarding the female gender.
 
Um alright? I wasn't critizing your page.

I think it's very helpful for a resource on male and female characters. You don't need to get defensive.
There is a reason when he had already citations in
 
There is a reason when he had already citations in
You're replying to someone whose account is months dead now. They'll never hear you. :ferret: I appreciate it though.
 
Hmm.

There is an issue I take with the differenciating being refered to estrogen and testosteron alone.

T and E do not come down to being "male" or "female".
To point one thing out; transgender tend to have the brain activity of the gender they identify with, not their physical sex. Society puts them into this "trans" umbrella, which would mean there was more than just male or female.(My own opinion on that categorization put aside.) And this "transgenderism" tracks mack to the ancient chinese empires, where their emperor hired those "men" as servants for their concubines, they would not seek a sexual desire for those concubines.

There are also those that identify themself as genderless or androgyn(both gender) and those behavior pattern do not relate to hormones.

I would like to note that statisically 1 out of 15.000 people have other issues of genetic nature, such as XY female and XX male. Hormones in those two as well as appearance and body developement could simply fuck up.

Now to point at a "race*" of humans, women from the netherlands, germany and some nordic countries tend to have the so called "Android Body Type". The shoulders are stronger developed than the hips.
I have also seen lots of men with very well defined hips by now and just as much men more fragile than women and those things are a lot more frequent nowdays than they used to be in the past.


Are men and women differently? Fundamentaly even, yes. But it is the brain first that affects behavior pattern and everything else either conflicts or adds up after that.


These are my thoughts on this and I do bear the opinion that this should have been noted in a "Genders 101: How men and women function", because no, this is not a "101" for me as it does not properly explain the brain part.

High T values in women and high E values in men lead to their biologies changing, men on E will become feminine, their hips will to slowly begin to grow body hair loss, breast growth, shrinking of the testicles and penis, the bone densitiy is lost and their bodies can become smaller. Women on T also experience a bone growth, the shoulder bulk gets more, hiritism, the stop of the monthly periods, etc, etc.
If we want to go very accurate, we do not actually understand what effects cross gender hormone treatments have in detail on the individual biologic systems, only that blood values* will align with the identified gender after sex reasignment surgery.

Understand that named values relate to oxygen, red blood cells, bones and the liver. They are affected by height, weight, age, medication and do not suprise at all. Also notice that those were done on pre surgery patients(based on what was given)

race*:I find that word stupid in this context, untrue. Could not think of a better word to use unfortunately. Humans are a race, but they do not become a different race based on origin, skin color, etc. They are all one race: humans.
*I have taken the liberty to not give sources for things that are pretty easily found.
 
As well, I'm going to focus more on what is, rather than what should be--I am not going to argue moral stances and tell you what is right or wrong about the perception of gender. I will be focusing primarily first on the biological aspects of gender, and then from there, drawing conclusions and examples of how to incorporate it into your works.

Again, just to make it clear: I will not tell you that your perception of self, or anyone else's perception of self concerning their sex, is in any way, shape, or form, anymore valid than my own. This is purely to explore the differences between the two sexes, and illustrate how this can manifest itself in a character. If you're new to writing and are trying to grasp more basic aspects of a character, let me leave you with this parting piece of wisdom: "Fantasy is an escape from reality, it does not have to conform to what we know to be true." Write what makes you the most interested, what is most exciting to you, even if it defies conventional.

I avoided citing research involving the brain (save in how primary sex hormones interact with it) because we (as a species) do not have a complete understanding of the human brain and how it functions. There are still many mysteries involving the brain. For example: While it is proven fact that introducing greater levels of estrogen produced more feminine features, the levels required to induce greater or lesser effects varies between each individual. It varies because of unknown interactions in the brain: There appears to be a limiter of some sort.

Therefore, why transgenders were ignored entirely. The objective was not to aim at one's own interpretation of gender (which varies between different societies and cultures, ex: Two spirit peoples), but to describe physical, biological differences between males and females in the homo sapiens species.

As the guide states: Write what you wish. Defy the standards, defy what is "normal." My best friend for nine years, someone I grew up with, was a lesbian. Be who you are and be proud of that.

Use this guide solely to explore ways of incorporating the birds and the bees in colourful and scientifically accurate ways. Know it so you can embrace it or defy it of your own volition.

As for ethnicities within the human race, I'm not touching that with a forty foot pole in this thread. :ferret:

Note: Wrote this on phone. Sorry if it's got typos.
 
I enjoyed this read! ^.^
 
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It also stepped on the subject of interesex, something that statistically occurs 1 : 15 000 and has been happening even back in ancient greece. Won't post the statues as they show nudity. The thing is, if you call it a 101, it should at least be noted that, in humanoids, the whole things tends to get messed up sometimes, especially if the population of cities and the like are huge.

Transgenderism, Intersexuality, Androgynity are things that have been happening since the very beginning. If you do not wish to draw scientific stuff into it, fine, but you still call it a 101 and as such, this is very incomplete if you do not at least note that this happens for humans a whole lot but not enough for it to be more than a rarity still as most do not dare to step or think about those subjects and would not dare to step into the public about it. Especially if you are male.

If you spoke soley of the basic concept of how the majority of land animals work, it would be correct, but it does not speak of animals.
"Fantasy is an escape from reality, it does not have to conform to what we know to be true."
You literally say that what you said is set in stone, within this context, while what I pointed out has been found happening since the very beginning of civilization.
What do you think bears more weight? An illusion you call a 101 or something that we have seen happening for thousands of years with what we call an intellgient species?

Dont put that stuff into quotes, you do not actually quote it from on thread and as such, that is cheap and pretends to have said something that you have not. This very much makes an arrogant impression to me, the smartbutt way, so please don't do that.

There is also the thing about gender expectation and shame with humans, those things also very much affect the psyche of individuals independent of Hormones.

Last, you say you don't want to step onto the scientific subject, but how could you prove this: Is there evidence that estrogen will make depressions feel worse? By what measure do you compare? Is there a study that could back this?
I spoke to a few therapists about this and they do not agree. This is not something you can really figure out.
 
It also stepped on the subject of interesex, something that statistically occurs 1 : 15 000 and has been happening even back in ancient greece. Won't post the statues as they show nudity. The thing is, if you call it a 101, it should at least be noted that, in humanoids, the whole things tends to get messed up sometimes, especially if the population of cities and the like are huge.

Transgenderism, Intersexuality, Androgynity are things that have been happening since the very beginning. If you do not wish to draw scientific stuff into it, fine, but you still call it a 101 and as such, this is very incomplete if you do not at least note that this happens for humans a whole lot but not enough for it to be more than a rarity still as most do not dare to step or think about those subjects and would not dare to step into the public about it. Especially if you are male.

If you spoke soley of the basic concept of how the majority of land animals work, it would be correct, but it does not speak of animals.
"Fantasy is an escape from reality, it does not have to conform to what we know to be true."
You literally say that what you said is set in stone, within this context, while what I pointed out has been found happening since the very beginning of civilization.
What do you think bears more weight? An illusion you call a 101 or something that we have seen happening for thousands of years with what we call an intellgient species?

Dont put that stuff into quotes, you do not actually quote it from on thread and as such, that is cheap and pretends to have said something that you have not. This very much makes an arrogant impression to me, the smartbutt way, so please don't do that.

There is also the thing about gender expectation and shame with humans, those things also very much affect the psyche of individuals independent of Hormones.

Last, you say you don't want to step onto the scientific subject, but how could you prove this: Is there evidence that estrogen will make depressions feel worse? By what measure do you compare? Is there a study that could back this?
I spoke to a few therapists about this and they do not agree. This is not something you can really figure out.
Rather than getting mad at this guide not covering everything you think needs covering, I suggest you go write one of your own that does not have such gaps. Arguing with the writer of a guide, especially after they've already said they disagree with your analysis of what their guide should cover, is not likely to lead to anything productive like getting your information added to it.
 
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